Introduction to DTAA

The Double Tax Avoidance Agreement (DTAA) is a treaty signed between two countries to prevent double taxation of income earned in both jurisdictions. This agreement ensures that Non-Resident Indians (NRIs) do not face the burden of being taxed twice on the same income. While DTAA does not exempt NRIs from paying taxes entirely, it helps minimize their tax liability and promotes fair tax practices, making India a more attractive destination for investment and residency.

Understanding the India-US DTAA

The India-US DTAA is designed to protect individuals and entities from being taxed twice on income earned in both countries. For example, if an individual works in the US and receives remuneration there, the US government levies a federal income tax. However, as an Indian resident, the Indian government may also seek to tax this income. The India-US DTAA ensures that the taxpayer receives relief either through income exemption or a tax credit mechanism.

Key Provisions of the India-US DTAA

The DTAA between India and the USA covers several key provisions:

Types of Taxes Covered

United States: The DTAA applies to federal income tax under the Internal Revenue Code (IRC) but excludes other taxes such as the accumulated earnings tax, personal holding company tax, social security taxes, and excise taxes on insurance premiums, which are relevant considerations in income tax for NRIs.

India: The agreement covers income tax, including applicable surcharges, but excludes taxes like surtax.

Relief Mechanisms

NRIs can claim tax relief through two primary methods:

• Exemption Method: The income earned abroad is exempt from being taxed in India.
• Tax Credit Method: Tax paid in the US can be claimed as a deduction while calculating tax liability in India.

Relief from Double Taxation Under India-US DTAA

Relief from double taxation under the India-US DTAA ensures that income earned by NRIs in the US is not taxed again in India or is provided with appropriate tax credits. This relief plays a key role in the US income tax return for NRI. The primary types of relief are:

Types of Relief

• Exemption Method: Income taxed in the US is exempted from being taxed again in India.
• Tax Credit: The amount of tax paid in the US can be deducted from the tax payable in India, ensuring no double tax burden.

How to Claim DTAA Benefits?

Step-by-Step Guide

• Determine Eligibility: Confirm that your income qualifies for DTAA benefits.
• Fill Form 67: Submit Form 67 as required by Indian tax authorities.
• Documentation: Gather proof of taxes paid in the US, such as Form 1040 or other relevant tax documents.
• File Your ITR: Include the necessary details in the appropriate ITR schedules (Schedule FSI, TR, and FA).

Required Documentation

• Form 67: Proof of foreign tax credit claims.
• Tax Payment Proofs: US tax returns, Form 1040, or other tax statements.
• Bank Statements: Reflecting the payment of taxes.

DTAA Between India and USA – Reporting in ITR

Introduction

Correct reporting in your Indian Income Tax Return (ITR) is crucial to claim DTAA benefits effectively and avoid penalties. Properly reporting foreign income with the help of DTAA consultancy ensures compliance and maximizes tax relief.

Specific ITR Schedules

• Schedule FSI (Foreign Source of Income): Report income earned abroad.
• Schedule TR (Tax Relief): Declare the tax paid in the US for claiming credit.
• Schedule FA (Foreign Assets): List assets held outside India.

How to Fill Form 67 for Tax Relief Claims

• Log into your Income Tax e-filing portal.
• Select ‘Form 67’ from the forms available.
• Enter Details: Provide details of income earned, taxes paid abroad, and supporting documents.
• Submit the Form: Ensure Form 67 is submitted before filing your ITR.

What are the DTAA Rates?

The DTAA specifies different tax rates for various types of income:

1. Taxation on Dividends

Under the India-USA DTAA, the taxation on dividends paid by a company resident in one Contracting State to a resident of the other Contracting State is as follows:

Dividends paid by a company that is a resident of one Contracting State to a resident of the other Contracting State may be taxed in that other State.

However, such dividends may also be taxed in the Contracting State where the company paying the dividends is a resident, and according to the laws of that State. In the context of NRI taxation, if the beneficial owner of the dividends is a resident of the other Contracting State, the tax imposed shall not exceed:

15% of the gross amount of the dividends if the beneficial owner is a company holding at least 10% of the voting stock of the company paying the dividends.

25% of the gross amount of the dividends in all other cases.

2. Taxation on Interest

The DTAA provides specific rules for taxation on interest income:

Interest arising in one Contracting State and paid to a resident of the other Contracting State may be taxed in that other State.

Such interest may also be taxed in the Contracting State in which it arises, and according to its laws. However, if the beneficial owner of the interest is a resident of the other Contracting State, the tax charged shall not exceed:

10% of the gross amount of the interest if it is paid on a loan granted by a bank or similar financial institution, including insurance companies.

15% of the gross amount of the interest in all other cases.

3. Taxation on Royalties and Fees for Included Services

The DTAA outlines provisions for royalties and fees for included services as follows:

Royalties and fees for included services arising in a Contracting State and paid to a resident of the other Contracting State may be taxed in that other State.

Such royalties and fees for included services may also be taxed in the Contracting State in which they arise and according to its laws. However, if the beneficial owner is a resident of the other Contracting State, the tax shall not exceed:

For the first five taxable years after the Convention takes effect:

15% of the gross amount if the payer is the Government, a political subdivision, or a public sector company.

20% of the gross amount in all other cases.

In subsequent years, the tax shall not exceed 15% of the gross amount for royalties or fees for included services.

Key Points to Consider:

• Exemption and Credit: NRIs can benefit from DTAA by either being exempted from tax or receiving credit for taxes already paid in the other Contracting State.
• Beneficial Owner Requirement: The preferential tax rates apply only if the recipient is the beneficial owner of the income.
• Scope: The DTAA is applicable to residents of both India and the USA, as per the definitions in the agreement.

Capital Gains

Tax treatment of capital gains varies based on asset type and holding period but follows reduced rates for DTAA-qualifying income.

How to Apply for the India-US DTAA?

Process for Application

• Verify Eligibility: Ensure the income qualifies under DTAA.
• Submit Form 67: This form should be completed and submitted prior to filing the ITR.
• Prepare ITR: Include foreign income in the correct schedules.

Required Documents

• Form 67.
• Proof of US taxes paid.
• Relevant income documents.